1750–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle with Miquelet Lock and Ball Trigger

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This firearm is a remarkable example of Ottoman craftsmanship from the 18th century, reflecting both the technological and artistic achievements of the period. The Shishana’s miquelet lock and ball trigger design are distinctive features that set it apart from European firearms of the same era, highlighting the Ottoman Empire’s unique approach to firearm production. Since the likely first owner of the Shishana rifle around 1750, approximately 10 to 11 generations have passed as of 2025.

--- Start of Research & Recondition ---

Type: Ottoman Shishana rifle with a miquelet lock, featuring a ball trigger (a small iron ball trigger without a trigger guard).

Region of Origin: Ottoman Empire, most likely produced in Turkey (possibly Istanbul or Damascus) or the Balkans (e.g., Albania or Bosnia). The decorative style and miquelet lock strongly point to an Ottoman origin.

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Approximate Date Range: 1750–80, as specified in similar examples and supported by the visual evidence, including the miquelet lock design, decorative style, and overall condition.

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Purpose: A high-status or ceremonial piece, likely used by a member of the Ottoman elite, such as a Janissary officer or nobleman, combining practical functionality (e.g., for skirmishing or hunting) with artistic craftsmanship.

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[smithy]

Based on the decorative motifs, stock design, and lock mechanism, the firearm is most likely from the Ottoman Empire, with a strong possibility of being made in a region like Turkey, the Balkans (e.g., Albania or Bosnia), or the Middle East (e.g., Syria or Iraq). The Caucasus remains a secondary possibility due to its cultural overlap with the Ottoman Empire, but the lack of niello work and the specific style of the inlays point more definitively to an Ottoman origin.

Great picture but paper cartridge? Potentially not accurate.

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Decorative Style and Craftsmanship:

• The floral and geometric inlays on the lock plate and stock are highly characteristic of Islamic art, which was prevalent in the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, and the Middle East during the 18th century. The use of brass inlays with such intricate designs is a hallmark of Ottoman gunsmithing, particularly from regions like Turkey, Albania, or Bosnia.

• The animal or mythical creature inlay (possibly a lion or dragon) seen in the stock further supports an Ottoman or Persian influence. These motifs were often symbolic, representing power, protection, or nobility, and were commonly used in Ottoman weaponry.

Stock Shape and Design:

• The stock’s pronounced drop at the heel and slender profile, as seen in the overall images, are typical of Ottoman firearms, particularly those designed for use in rugged terrain or by mounted warriors. This design contrasts with European flintlocks, such as the British Brown Bess, which had more standardized and less ornate stocks.

Comparison to Other Regions:

• Caucasus Region: Firearms from the Caucasus (e.g., Georgia, Armenia, or Chechnya) share similarities with Ottoman designs due to cultural exchange, but they often feature more pronounced stock curves and sometimes include niello (a black inlay technique) on the metalwork. The absence of niello and the specific style of the inlays make an Ottoman origin more likely.

• Indian Subcontinent: Mughal firearms from India also featured ornate designs, but they often included gemstone inlays, silver, or gold work, which this firearm lacks. The stock shape and lock design here are more aligned with Ottoman traditions than Mughal ones.

• European Firearms: Western European flintlocks, like those from France or England, were typically less ornate and more standardized. The elaborate decoration and unique stock shape rule out a Western European origin.

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Historical Context (1750–1780 Ottoman Empire)

The period of 1750–1780 places this firearm in the late 18th century, during the reign of Ottoman sultans like Mustafa III (1757–1774) and Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789). This was a time of relative decline for the Ottoman Empire, as it faced military challenges from European powers like Russia (e.g., the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774) and internal issues such as economic stagnation and administrative corruption. Despite these challenges, Ottoman craftsmanship in weapons remained highly sophisticated, blending functionality with artistry.

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Firearms like the Shishana rifle were used by Ottoman soldiers, including the Janissaries (the elite infantry corps), as well as by local militias and tribal groups in the empire’s diverse regions. The Shishana, often a long-barreled rifle, was designed for accuracy and was likely used in skirmishes, hunting, or as a status symbol among the warrior class. The miquelet lock, a type of flintlock mechanism, was a hallmark of Mediterranean and Ottoman firearms, showing a divergence from the wheellock and early matchlock systems that were more common in earlier centuries.

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Miquelet Lock
The miquelet lock is a type of flintlock mechanism that originated in Spain but became widely adopted in the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. It’s characterized by a combined mainspring and sear spring, which makes it simpler and more robust than other flintlock designs like the French true flintlock.

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The lock mechanism has a prominent hammer and frizzen (the steel piece that the flint strikes to create a spark). The miquelet lock’s design allowed for a quicker and more reliable ignition compared to earlier matchlocks, which required a lit fuse.

The lock in the image appears to be decorated with intricate engravings, which is typical of Ottoman firearms. These decorations often included floral motifs, geometric patterns, or even Arabic calligraphy, reflecting the cultural aesthetics of the time.

Ball Trigger
The “ball trigger” refers to the spherical or rounded trigger guard, which is visible in the image as a small, ball-like protrusion below the lock. This design was both functional and decorative. The ball provided a tactile reference point for the shooter’s finger, improving accuracy in the heat of battle, and it also added to the rifle’s ornate appearance.

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This feature is less common in European firearms of the period, which often had more angular trigger guards, making it a distinctive Ottoman trait.

Stock and Materials
The stock of this 1760–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle reveals significant wear, with the foreend missing from just beyond the barrel band near the midpoint of the barrel all the way to near the muzzle, leaving the barrel exposed and confirming the loss. This absence could stem from a break during use or storage, or possibly an intentional removal at some point in the rifle’s history, though the latter seems less likely given the context. The stock itself shows visible cracks, discoloration, and splintered areas, particularly around the butt and near the lock, consistent with a firearm that has endured extensive use or poor storage conditions over the centuries, causing the wood to dry out and become brittle.

In terms of the wood type, the stock’s light weight and pale tan color—compared to the darker, denser English walnut—point to a different species, with beech being the most likely candidate. Beech, widely used in Ottoman firearms, especially in the Balkans, aligns with the stock’s characteristics: its light color (pale tan to light brown), lighter weight compared to walnut, smooth texture, and ability to take decorative inlays, all of which match the rifle’s appearance and regional origin. The combination of the stock’s condition and material underscores the rifle’s historical journey, reflecting both its practical use and the environmental challenges it has faced over time.

The inlays on the stock appear to be brass or a similar metal, featuring floral and possibly heraldic designs. This level of decoration suggests the rifle was not just a utilitarian weapon but also a piece of art, likely commissioned for someone of status.

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Barrel and Bore
The barrel of the Shishana rifle is long and slender, which is typical for rifles designed for accuracy over long distances. The barrel appears to be rifled meaning it has spiral grooves inside to impart spin to the projectile, improving accuracy. Rifling was not universal in the 18th century, so this suggests the rifle was a high-quality piece, possibly made for a skilled marksman or a high-ranking individual.

The barrel of this 1760–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle, a remarkable example of Ottoman craftsmanship, measures 30-1/8 inches in total external length from the tang to the muzzle, with an internal length of 27 inches, as determined by rod measurement. The barrel has a .60 caliber inner diameter (I.D.) at the muzzle, making it a relatively large-bore rifled firearm for the period, and an outer diameter (O.D.) of .92 inches at the muzzle, indicating a robust construction with a wall thickness of approximately .16 inches at the muzzle (calculated as [(.92 - .60) / 2]).

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Crafted from Damascus steel using a forge-twisted method, the barrel showcases the characteristic wavy patterns of this prized material, visible after non-abrasive cleaning, which confirm its high-quality production likely in a major Ottoman center such as Istanbul, Damascus, or possibly the Balkans. The rifled bore, previously observed, enhances accuracy, aligning with the Shishana’s design for precision shooting, possibly for a skilled marksman or a person of status.

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We evaluated and decided to clean the barrel (no abrasive) to remove active rust and prevent further deterioration, ensuring the preservation of its Damascus steel construction for another 200+ years, as likely intended by the original barrel maker. This process also revealed the forge-twisted patterns.

The barrel’s condition reflects its 200+ year history, with minor cracks in the seams near the muzzle, a common issue in forge-welded barrels of the era, and evidence of past maintenance, as the exposed areas show signs of previous scraping or sanding to remove rust. Heavier corrosion was noted on the underside, where the stock offered protection but also trapped moisture, leading to rust over time.

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The interior of the barrel appears to be in fairly good condition, but I’m not fully convinced it’s rifled, despite noticing faint lines that might suggest rifling, so further research is needed to confirm.

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Rear Peep Sight
The peep hole rear sight on the 1760–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle, located near the breech plug on the barrel, is a rare and advanced feature for an Ottoman firearm of this period, indicating a design focused on precision shooting. Integrated into the Damascus steel barrel, the sight’s small aperture would have allowed the original owner—likely a skilled marksman or a person of status in the Balkans or a major Ottoman center—to achieve greater accuracy by naturally centering the front sight within the hole, a technique that enhances focus and performance, especially at longer ranges or in low-light conditions.

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What the Missing Front Sight Likely Looked Like
Based on the Shishana’s design and the historical context of 18th-century Ottoman firearms, we can infer the likely appearance of the missing front sight:

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• Design: The front sight would have been a simple blade or bead sight, as was common for the period. A blade sight would be a thin, flat piece of metal (often brass or steel) soldered or dovetailed onto the barrel, standing about 1/4 to 1/2 inch tall. A bead sight would be a small, rounded piece of metal, often with a bright finish (like brass or silver) to make it more visible against a target.

• Location: The front sight would have been positioned near the muzzle, likely within 1–2 inches of the barrel’s end. This placement maximizes the sight radius (the distance between the rear and front sights), which improves accuracy. On a Shishana, with a 27-inch internal barrel length and the peep sight near the breech, the front sight would have been around 25–26 inches forward, creating a long sight radius for precise aiming.

• Material and Finish: Ottoman front sights were often made of brass or steel, sometimes with a contrasting finish to make them stand out. For example, a brass sight would be visible against the darker Damascus steel barrel, or a steel sight might be blued or polished to reflect light. The Shishana’s high-quality construction (Damascus steel, rifled barrel, peep sight) suggests the front sight would have been well-crafted, possibly with a decorative element like a small finial or engraving.

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The frizzen of the 1750–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle features a distinctive studded “X” pattern on its outer face, resembling a ship sail or flag, which may reflect Balkan decorative traditions or a coastal influence, reinforcing the rifle’s likely origin in a region like Albania or Bosnia. While the pattern doesn’t directly match a known maker’s mark, its geometric design and inlaid studs align with Ottoman and Balkan metalwork, suggesting a skilled local gunsmith, and the frizzen’s potential inlay for the striking surface indicates high-quality craftsmanship.

This photo also demonstrates the issue defined below as you can clearly see the hammer cock at the top of the photo is not centered on the frizzen which in our case even has n X for reference.

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The miquelet lock seems to be in working order, but I held off on loading the springs until we can examine and refurbish it, especially since the bent lockplate is causing the hammer travel to be sub-optimal.

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We let the lock screw threads soak in penetrating oil for several days, then used careful, precise blowtorch heating to gradually loosen the screws, avoiding the need to drill them out. These screws were obviously crafted by hand, so we’re committed to preserving them by repairing their heads, which have suffered significant damage over time.

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I'm truly impressed that we managed to disassemble this without any damage, especially considering it’s 275 years old-a remarkable feat by its creator. After clearing away some of the grime, we began to reveal the ornate details of this firearm, hinted at by the gold trim, which is now only faintly visible.

Now that the lock is apart we were able to very carefully heat and straighten the lock plate and spring mounts. I believe we're are setting up to be back to the originally intended alignment.

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We suspect the hammer (cock) lower was brass-coated, but what's more intriguing is that this coating appears on the surface that connects to the lock plate—an area typically hidden from view. This suggests it was likely done to minimize friction. Could it be that the gun maker had a deeper understanding of metallurgy than many possess today?

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The brass coating on the inner face of the hammer of the 1760–80 Ottoman Shishana Rifle, likely originally thicker than 1/8 inch to reduce friction and ensure proper spacing, could have been applied using several methods common in 18th-century Ottoman and Balkan craftsmanship. Potential techniques include brass inlay, where small pieces of brass were set into grooves or recesses in the steel hammer and secured by hammering or adhesive; brass plating, involving the application of a thin brass layer through heat or a chemical process like dipping in a brass-containing solution; or the use of a brass shim, a thicker piece of brass cut to fit and affixed to the hammer’s base as a spacer, possibly with solder or mechanical fastening, each method balancing functionality with the region’s tradition of brass decoration.

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We are starting to put the lock back together and thought it would be good to better understand the traditional methods likely used for care of this firearm. In the Ottoman Empire during the 1760–80 period, the original owner likely used natural oils (e.g., olive oil, animal fats) and waxes (e.g., beeswax, lanolin) to care for the metal and prevent rust. These substances were applied after cleaning to create a water-repellent barrier, protecting the steel components (e.g., barrel, lock mechanism), silver and brass inlays from corrosion. While effective for short-term use, they required regular reapplication and could attract dirt or become rancid over time, making modern products like Ballistol or Renaissance Wax a better choice for long-term preservation.

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Natural Oils

• Olive Oil: Olive oil was widely available in the Ottoman Empire, as the region (particularly areas like Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant) was a major producer of olives. It was commonly used to protect metal surfaces from rust by creating a thin, water-repellent barrier. Ottoman soldiers and craftsmen likely applied olive oil to the steel components of the Shishana (e.g., the barrel, lock mechanism, and frizzen) after cleaning to prevent corrosion.

• • Application: The steel would be wiped down with a cloth to remove moisture, dirt, and black powder residue, then coated with a thin layer of olive oil using a rag or the user’s fingers. The oil would be worked into crevices, such as the lock mechanism, to ensure full coverage.
  • Effectiveness: Olive oil provides decent short-term protection against rust by repelling moisture, but it can become sticky or rancid over time, attracting dirt and requiring regular reapplication. It’s not as effective as modern oils (e.g., Ballistol), but it was a practical choice for the era.

• Animal Fats: Animal fats, such as tallow (rendered fat from sheep or goats) or clarified butter (ghee), were also used in the Ottoman Empire to protect metal. These fats were abundant due to the region’s pastoral traditions and were often used for preserving swords, armor, and firearms.

• • Application: Similar to olive oil, animal fats would be applied as a thin coating after cleaning the metal. They might be warmed slightly to make them easier to spread, then wiped onto the steel with a cloth.
  • Effectiveness: Animal fats provide a good barrier against moisture but can also become rancid over time, especially in humid conditions like Istanbul. They were likely used in drier regions (e.g., Damascus) where rancidity was less of a concern.

• Other Oils: Other plant-based oils, such as sesame oil or walnut oil, were also available in the Ottoman Empire and may have been used for metal preservation. These oils were less common than olive oil but could be applied similarly to protect steel surfaces.

Waxes

• Beeswax: Beeswax was a common substance in the Ottoman Empire, used for a variety of purposes, including sealing, waterproofing, and metal preservation. It was likely applied to the steel components of the Shishana to create a durable, water-repellent coating.

• • Application: Beeswax would be melted and applied to the metal with a cloth, or the metal could be warmed slightly to help the wax adhere. Once cooled, the wax would form a protective layer that repelled moisture and prevented rust.
  • Effectiveness: Beeswax provides excellent long-term protection against rust, as it creates a more durable barrier than oils and doesn’t become rancid. It was particularly effective in humid climates like Istanbul, where moisture was a constant concern. However, it can be difficult to apply evenly, and it may need periodic reapplication after heavy use.

• Lanolin: Lanolin, a wax-like substance derived from sheep’s wool, was another potential option in the Ottoman Empire, given the region’s pastoral traditions. While not as widely documented as beeswax, lanolin could have been used to protect metal surfaces, especially in rural or nomadic contexts.

• • Application: Lanolin would be applied similarly to beeswax, either by melting and spreading it onto the metal or by rubbing it on as a paste.
  • Effectiveness: Lanolin is highly effective at repelling moisture and preventing rust, and it remains soft and pliable, making it easy to work into crevices like the lock mechanism. However, it can attract dirt over time and may need regular cleaning and reapplication.

Resins and Pitch

• Pine Resin or Pitch: Pine resin or pitch, derived from pine trees, was used in the Ottoman Empire for waterproofing and sealing. It might have been applied to metal surfaces to create a protective coating, especially in areas prone to moisture.
  Application: The resin or pitch would be melted and applied to the metal with a cloth, forming a hard, protective layer once cooled. It could also be mixed with oil or wax to make it easier to apply.

• Effectiveness: Pine resin provides good protection against rust but can become brittle over time, cracking and allowing moisture to penetrate. It was likely used in combination with oils or waxes for better flexibility and durability.

Cleaning Practices Before Protection

• Initial Cleaning: Before applying any protective substance, Ottoman users would have cleaned the Shishana’s metal components to remove moisture, dirt, and black powder residue, which contains salts that accelerate rusting. Cleaning likely involved:

• Wiping with a Cloth: Using a dry or slightly damp cloth to remove surface dirt and residue.

• Boiling Water (for Barrels): Boiling water might have been poured through the barrel to remove black powder residue, a practice noted in later European sources like those on The Muzzleloading Forum. The barrel would then be dried thoroughly to prevent rust.

• Abrasion (if Needed): For stubborn residue, a mild abrasive like fine sand or ash might have been used with a cloth to clean the metal, though this would be done sparingly to avoid scratching the surface.

• Drying: After cleaning, the metal would be dried thoroughly, often by wiping with a dry cloth or heating gently over a fire to evaporate any moisture, ensuring the surface was ready for a protective coating.

Care for Brass Inlays

• Polishing: The brass inlays on the Shishana (e.g., floral and geometric patterns) would have been polished to maintain their appearance. Ottoman users might have used a mixture of vinegar and salt, or a paste made from crushed chalk or ash, to clean and polish the brass, removing tarnish without damaging the metal.

• Protective Coating: After polishing, the brass might have been coated with a thin layer of oil or wax (e.g., olive oil or beeswax) to prevent tarnishing. This would also help protect the steel components around the inlays.

Effectiveness

• Rust Prevention: Natural oils (e.g., olive oil, animal fats) and waxes (e.g., beeswax, lanolin) were effective for short-term rust prevention, creating a water-repellent barrier that protected the steel from moisture. However, they required regular reapplication, especially in humid climates like Istanbul, and could attract dirt or become rancid over time.

• Long-Term Protection: Waxes like beeswax and lanolin provided better long-term protection, as they formed a more durable coating that didn’t degrade as quickly as oils. Pine resin or pitch offered good protection but could become brittle, requiring occasional maintenance.

• Practicality: These substances were widely available in the Ottoman Empire, making them practical for soldiers, hunters, and nobles to use. The methods were simple and could be applied in the field or at home, ensuring the Shishana remained functional and free of rust during its active use.